Ochratoxin a in Maize: Origin, Occurrence, and Health Implications, Albania Case

Abstract

Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungi that frequently contaminate cereal grains, compromising food safety. Among the most concerning are aflatoxins and ochratoxin A (OTA), primarily produced by Aspergillus and Penicillium species. OTA contamination typically occurs under warm, humid conditions, especially during poor post-harvest storage. Albania’s maize-growing regions—Lushnja, Fieri, Korça, Shkodra, and Elbasan—are climatically predisposed to such risks. Although OTA is not the most prevalent mycotoxin in Albanian maize, recent findings confirm its presence in samples linked to inadequate storage. OTA is nephrotoxic and has been associated with renal damage and Balkan Endemic Nephropathy. While the OTA incidence on Albanian maize is relatively low, the risk assessment indicate high concentration levels for OTA in positive contaminated samples. Poor storage and limited monitoring elevate the crop vulnerability. These findings underscore the need for systematic testing and improved post-harvest practices to mitigate contamination and protect public health.