The Journal of I-CRAFT Agricultural and Food Technologies [ISSN: 3062-3235] is an online, open-access, peer-reviewed publication that facilitates research in agriculture and food technology. A diverse array of approaches has been utilized from ancient times to contemporary robots and AI technologies in various stages of processing within the food and agriculture sectors.
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A Study on The Determination of Total Phenol, DPPH, TSS, Volatile Compounds in Gala Gio Apple Varieties
Apples belong to the Rosaceae family and have been a popular fruit for consumers since ancient times due to their biochemical properties. The Gala series apple varieties are widely grown worldwide and are among the most popular on supermarket shelves. In recent years, the Gala Gio apple variety has been introduced. It is an early-ripening apple with dark red skin, attractive ap-pearance, and high commercial value. As with all fruits, total phenols, antioxidants, and soluble solids are important ripening criteria for apple varieties. In this study, total phenols, antioxidants, and soluble solids were analyzed in the fruits of the Gala Gio apple variety. The study found that the total phenols in Gala Gio were 30.72 mg/100 g GAE, the antioxidants were 35.24%, and the soluble solid contents were 13.8%. Additionally, a total of 26 volatile aroma compounds were identified in the study, including 1 aldehyde, 10 alcohols, 14 esters, and 1 ketone. Among the volatile compounds, alcohols and esters were identified as the predominant compounds. Among the ester group, butanoic acid, 3-methyl-, 3-methylbutyl ester (27.44%), and isoamyl butyrate (25.20%) were the most commonly detected compounds, while within the alcohol group, 1-buta-nol, 3-methyl-, acetate (8.26%) was the most commonly detected compound.
Copyright (c) 2026 Agricultural and Food Technologies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Use of Sorrel (Rumex Acetosella) Extract and Dia Natura Base As Natural Pre-Treatments and Its Expected Effects for Color Preservation in Dried Citrus Fruits
Drying is one of the oldest and most common methods for food preservation, aiming to reduce water content to inhibit microbial and enzymatic activity. However, the thermal process, partic-ularly hot-air drying, often leads to significant degradation of product quality, including undesirable color changes and the loss of vital nutritional components. Previous studies on citrus drying have con-sistently reported significant losses in ascorbic acid (Vitamin C), total phenolic content, and antioxidant capacity, with the drying technique and temperature being critical factors (Karabacak et al., 2020; Bozkır, 2020; İsmail et al., 2024). To mitigate this degradation, pre-treatments are widely applied. Conventional methods often involve inorganic solutions such as sulfuring or alkaline baths, which have raised significant health concerns. Consequently, there is a growing demand for safe, effective, and natural pre-treatment alternatives that do not impart off-flavors or odors. While antioxidant solutions like ascorbic and citric acid are used (Soydan, 2019), the exploration of novel, plant-based extracts is a key research gap. This study aims to investigate the efficacy of sorrel (Rumex acetosella) extract and a commercial natural preservative, Dia Natura Base, as novel pre-treatments for preserving quality in dried citrus slices (orange, tangerine, and grapefruit). Sorrel is known to be rich in antioxidants and vitamins A, B, and C (ascorbic acid) (Baytop, 1984; Zeybek & Zeybek, 2002), and its extracts have demonstrated antimicrobial and antiviral proper-ties (Ilçım et al., 1998; Bütüner, 2022). To date, while the drying kinetics of sorrel leaves have been studied (Açıkalın, 2021), its extract has not been utilized as a pre-treatment agent in fruit drying, rep-resenting a significant novelty. In this research, citrus slices of varying thicknesses (3, 5, and 7 mm) will be subjected to hot-air drying at five different temperatures (50, 55, 60, 65, and 70 °C). The pre-treatments will involve dipping the slices in sorrel extract and Dia Natura Base solutions at different concentrations (5%, 10%, 25%) and durations (5, 7, 10 min). Quality parameters will be assessed by measuring color change ($L^{*}a^{*}b^{*}$), ascorbic acid content via HPLC (Sdiri et al., 2012), HMF content (Tontul & Topuz, 2017), and functional group changes via FTIR. Furthermore, the stability of these quality pa-rameters will be evaluated during a 4- and 6-month shelf-life study. This project is expected to validate a natural, organic pre-treatment method that can enhance the quality and safety of dried citrus products.
The Effect of Mineral and Organic-Mineral Fertilizer Rates on The Productivity and Soil Fertility of Mixed Sorghum-Pea Crops in The Field
This study evaluated the effects of mineral and organic–mineral fertilizer rates on green biomass yield and soil fertility in mixed sorghum–pea intercropping under irrigated gray-meadow soils of Uchoghlan (Aghdam), Azerbaijan, during 2023–2024. Baseline soils were weakly alkaline (pH 7.2–8.1) and poorly supplied with humus (0.65–2.41%), available P (3.85–12.89 mg/kg), and exchangeable K (74.5–275.2 mg/kg), indicating a need for fertilization. Sorghum (“Stavropol Feed Hybrid”) and pea (“Nail”) were sown in the same row at 20 and 30 kg/ha, respectively, following barley harvest. Nine fertilizer variants were tested under vegetative irrigation totaling 3100 m³/ha, including mineral fertilizers (NPK) and combinations with farmyard manure (10 t/ha). Green biomass yield increased significantly over the unfertilized control (363 s/ha), reaching 451, 540, 615, and 622 s/ha with N40P60K60, N60P90K90, N90P120K120, and N120P150K150, respectively. Although the numerically highest yield occurred at N120P150K150, statistical analysis identified N90P120K120 as the optimal mineral rate (615 s/ha; +69.42%). Organic–mineral combinations also performed strongly: manure 10 t/ha + N40P95K60 and manure 10 t/ha + N70P125K90 yielded 608 and 612 s/ha, respectively. Fertilization markedly increased stubble residue mass (from 6.1 to 10.4 s/ha with N120P150K150; to 9.4 s/ha with manure 10 t/ha + N70P125K90) and root biomass (from 24.2 to 31.8 s/ha and to 30.0 s/ha for the same treatments under three irrigations), while elevating nutrient concentrations in residues (e.g., total N from ~0.96% to 1.11%; K from ~0.98% to 1.22%). Similar trends held under five irrigations. Findings indicate that N90P120K120 is the most efficient mineral fertilizer norm for maximizing green biomass in this system under 3100 m³/ha irrigation, with manure 10 t/ha + N40P95K60 recommended as an effective organic–mineral alternative. Enhanced residue quantity and nutrient content suggest improved soil structure, biological N contribution, and overall soil fertility, confirming sorghum–pea intercropping as a valuable precursor for subsequent crops in irrigated gray-meadow soils.
Revolutionizing the Harvest: A Technical Review of the Meicott PT120 Cotton Monitoring System and Its Impact on Agricultural Traceability
This paper provides a technical review of the Meicott PT120, a retrofittable system de-signed for cotton harvesting machines to provide real-time yield detection, moisture monitoring, and data logging. The primary challenge addressed is the lack of integrated digital weighing and tracea-bility systems in much of the existing cotton harvesting machinery, which leads to potential value loss and inefficiencies, particularly in accurately measuring yield and tracking the quality of harvested cotton. This review synthesizes information from academic literature on smart farming [1; 2; 3] and a detailed technical test report from the SÖKE Agricultural Training Center [4]. The methodology involved analyzing the system's components—including its control unit, hydraulic pressure and opti-cal sensors, moisture unit, and GNSS module—and the results of laboratory and field tests [4]. The findings indicate a high degree of accuracy, with an error margin between 0.1% and 0.9% when com-pared to certified scales [4]. The discussion highlights the system's significant benefits, including enhanced traceability, data-driven decision-making for farmers, contractors, and industrialists, and the provision of reliable, parcel-level data for governmental agricultural policy and support distribu-tion. The paper concludes that the Meicott PT120 is a viable and effective technology for modernizing the cotton value chain, aligning with the broader goals of precision agriculture.
Evaluation of Antibacterial Activities of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Extracts Against Pseudomonas Syringae Pv. Syringae in Citrus
Citriculture is one of the most important agricultural sectors worldwide, with citrus fruits being widely cultivated across various regions. However, plant diseases caused by a range of phytopathogens pose significant challenges to citrus production. Several bacterial pathogens are known to infect citrus crops, leading to substantial economic losses. The efficacy of current strategies for controlling bacterial diseases in citrus is limited. In this study, the antibacterial ac-tivities of aqueous extracts obtained from various medicinal and aromatic plants including Allium sativum, Eucalyptus sp., Myrtus communis L., Nerium oleander, Origanum onites, Rosmarinus officinalis, Salvia officinalis, Thymus vulgaris, Thymbra spicata L. subsp. spicata, and Zingiber officinale were evaluated against Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (Pss) using the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) tube dilution method. Among the tested plant extracts, A. sa-tivum, O. onites, T. vulgaris, and T. spicata L. subsp. spicata exhibited antibacterial activity at concentrations of 5.50 μl/ml, 8.25 μl/ml, >64 μl/ml and >128 μl/ml, respectively. These findings suggest that certain plant extracts hold promise for the development of novel, environmentally friendly pesticides for the control of bacterial diseases in citrus cultivation.
Citriculture, Plant Extracts, Pseudomonas syringae pv.syringae, MIC
The Effect of Hatching Egg Disinfection on Egg Weight, Hatching Traits, and Chick Quality in Pekin Ducks
This study investigated the effect of egg disinfection before incubation on egg weight, hatching traits, and chick quality in pekin ducks. The egg weight loss (Ew-L) between embryonic day (ED) 0-25 was 9.31±0.42% and 8.70±0.24% in groups A and B, respectively (P=0.333). The hatchability of fertile eggs (HFE) was 51.65±5.22% in Group A and 55.77±5.22% in Group B (P=0.633), while the embryonic mortality (EM) was 51.29±6.71% and 44.23±6.71% in Groups A and B, respectively (P=0.535). The chick weight at hatch (CWH) was 47.69±0.90 g in Group A and 47.99±1.07 g in Group B (P=0.833), while the chick yield (CY) was 63.26±1.35% in Group A and 64.65±0.78% in Group B (P=0.467). The chick length was significantly higher in Group B than in Group A (P=0.050). The current study suggests that the disinfection of soiled hatching eggs of ducks could improve hatchability, chick length, chick weight, and chick yield at hatch and reduce embryonic mortality without any negative effect on egg weight loss.
The Effect of Egg Storage Positioning on Hatching, Growth Performance, Carcass, and Welfare Traits in Broiler Chickens
This study investigated the effect of egg storage positioning on hatching, growth, carcass, and welfare traits in broiler chickens. A total 90 eggs of broiler breeders at 33 wk were used. The experimental groups consisted of eggs stored with either the broad end-up (BEU) or the narrow end-up (NEU) for 7 d. Each group consisted of with 45 eggs. The average temperature and humidity of the storage room was 20 o C and 70%, respectively. The average egg weight before storage was 59.49±0.43 (g) and 61.00±0.43 (g) for BEU and NEU, respectively. However, the mean values for the egg weight after storage was 59.10±0.42 (g) for BEU and 60.53±0.42 (g) for NEU. The hatchability of fertile eggs was 97.56 % for NEU and 97.67 % for BEU. While the hatchability of set eggs was 93.33% for BEU and 88.89% for NEU. The FI, FCR, BW, BWG, TI and NOI did not significantly vary between the groups (P>0.05). While the CCY was significantly higher in BEU, the SP-W was significantly higher in NEU (P<0.05). The BR nearly reached a significant level, higher in BEU than in NEU (P=0.057). The temperature of the footpad nearly reached a significant level, higher in BEU compared to NEU (P=0.058). Storing eggs with the NEU may have the potential to reduce stress and fear in broiler chickens.
Investigation of the Relationships Between Body Weight, Body Measurements and Testicular Measurements in Saanen Kids
This study was conducted to investigate the relationships between body weight, body measurements and testicular measurements in Saanen kids. For this purpose, 45 male Saanen kids obtained from goats with synchronized births were used. Body weight (BW), body measurements such as withers height (WH), rump height (RH), body length (BL), chest depth (CD), chest girth (CG) and testicular measurements such as testicular diameter (TD), testicular length (TL), scrotal circumference (SC), scrotal length (SL), scrotal volume (SV), testicular volume (TV) were measured in the kids in the first 3 months after birth. The overall mean values of WH, RH, BL, CD, CG, TD, TL, SC, SL, SV, TV and BW of the Saanen kids were 48.19±0.44 cm, 47.58±0.54 cm, 45.02±0.45 cm, 17.69±0.23 cm, 47.30±0.54 cm, 2.01±0.05 cm, 3.95±0.09 cm, 9.70±0.27 cm, 56.25±1.37 cm, 43.33±2.38 cm3, 17.34±1.41 cm3 and 11.46±0.25 kg, respectively. The mean values for body weight, body measurements and testicular measurements differed significantly between all months (p < 0.01). The correlation coefficient between SC and TV was highest (p < 0.01) except for month 1. In the first month, the correlation coefficient between WH and RH was the highest, the correlation coefficient between SC and TV was the second highest (p < 0.01).
Utilization Of Rumen Boluses in Nutritional and Health Management of Ruminants
This review discusses the mechanisms of action, areas of application and effects on performance of rumen boluses used in different physiological periods of ruminants. Maximum productivity in farm animals, the protection of animal health and welfare and the sustainability of production are closely related to their adequate and balanced feeding in the different physiological periods as well as effective disease management. In recent years, the use of rumen boluses has become a practical method of supporting animal nutrition to achieve these goals. Rumen boluses are structures that are placed in the rumen and have a long-term release. They allow the controlled administration of mineral and vitamin supplements as well as pharmacological agents. Thanks to their sustained-release structures, they provide the necessary nutrients and medicines that animals need in a controlled manner during various physiological periods such as the transition period, pregnancy and lactation. Thus, they provide positive contribution to economic production by preventing metabolic diseases, improving reproductive performance, promoting immunity and the growth and development performance of the offspring. As a result, in light of the finding from the literature, it is suggested that rumen boluses can be used for both nutritional support and therapeutic purposes and can be evaluated as part of a total herd management strategy.
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Table, Dried and Wine Grape Production and Potential in Southeastern Anatolia
In this study, structural changes in grape production in the Southeastern Anatolia Region and throughout Türkiye were analyzed based on data from 2004, 2014, and 2024. All grape varieties commercially cultivated in Southeastern Anatolia were considered in the study. A significant decline in vineyard areas has been observed across the Southeastern Anatolia Region between 2004 and 2024. For example, vineyards for seedless raisins decreased from 6,250 decares in 2004 to 150 decares in 2024, while production decreased from 4,750 tons to 90 tons. Similarly, table grape vineyards decreased from 12,830 decares to 4,300 decares, and production volume peaked at 7,644 tons in 2014 before declining to 4,850 tons in 2024. Despite the decline in vineyard areas in the region, there have been significant increases in productivity. The yield per decare for wine grapes rose from 184 kg in 2004 to 560 kg in 2024, more than tripling. Similarly, productivity for dried seedless grapes increased from 345 kg/da to 569 kg/da. When evaluated at the provincial level, there has been a notable increase in wine grape production in Adıyaman. The production area, which was 100 decares in 2014, increased to 1,500 decares in 2024, while the production volume increased from 75 tons to 750 tons. In Gaziantep, the area dedicated to dried seedless grapes has undergone a substantial decline, from 121,830 decares to 48,081 decares. However, it has been determined that the production amount has undergone an increase from 28,920 tons to 42,307 tons, a development that can be attributed to the enhancement of grape yield per unit area. In contrast, it is observed that a significant proportion of the total vineyard areas in Şanlıurfa (95%), Siirt (50%), and Gaziantep (44%) have been lost. In particular, the production of dried seedless grapes in Şanlıurfa fell from 31,054 tons in 2004 to only 815 tons in 2024. A similar trend is observed across Türkiye. The area under dried seedless grapes decreased from 750,000 decares in 2004 to 491,612 decares in 2024, while production fell from 350,000 tons to 317,053 tons. Although there has been a partial increase in yield (from 529 kg/da to 682 kg/da) in the cultivation of wine grape varieties across the country, the decline in vineyard areas has negatively affected the production of wine grape varieties. In this context, the aim of the study is to determine the potential for grape production for different commercial purposes in the region, identify structural changes in regional viticulture, and establish future production strategies. In conclusion, it has been determined that vineyard cultivation in the Southeastern Anatolia Region is undergoing a complex transformation process in which the decline in production areas and partial increases in productivity are intertwined. In this situation, the need to restructure regional agricultural policies and revise production strategies with a focus on productivity is considered to be of paramount importance.
Sustainability Assessment of Natural Fibers Used in the Textile Industry: A Literature Review
The textile industry uses natural or synthetic fibers, or both, as raw materials. Global climate change affects the production potential of natural fibers by increasing pressure on air, soil, and water resources. Consequently, the production of these fibers, which the sector requires, faces significant sustainability challenges. This literature review comparatively examines the natural fibers commonly used in the textile sector cotton, jute, flax, and wool, based on environmental, economic, and social sustainability criteria. Each fiber's production process was evaluated, along with factors such as water consumption, chemical input requirements, carbon and water footprints, biodegradability, soil health impacts, and production conditions. The findings indicate that the sustainability performance of fibers varies significantly depending on fiber type, production method, and geographical conditions. This review aims to assess the impact of natural fibers on sustainable fashion and circular textile systems and to provide guidance for future research and industrial applications.
Risks of Biogenic Amines Accumulations From Probiotics
Probiotics, defined as live bacteria that provide health benefits when taken in sufficient quantities, are commonly used in functional foods owing to their functions in pathogen suppression, immunological modulation, and gut barrier enhancement. Nevertheless, their ability to generate biogenic amines (BAs) during fermentation poses significant safety concerns. BAs like histamine, tyramine, putrescine, and cadaverine are produced primarily by microbial decarboxylation of amino acids and are found in fermented dairy, meat, vegetable, and beverage products. While BAs play an important role in physiological processes, excessive consumption has been related to negative consequences such as histamine intolerance, hypertensive crises, migraines, gastrointestinal discomfort, and possible carcinogenicity due to interactions with nitrites. BA formation is influenced by raw material quality, microbial strain diversity, and environmental factors like pH, temperature, and salt content. Some lactic acid bacteria and Enterococcus strains are remarkable high producers, while others show little or no activity, emphasizing the necessity of strain-specific evaluation. Mitigation strategies include carefully selecting non-BA-producing strains, following strict hygiene measures, optimising fermentation settings, and using starter cultures capable of decomposing BA. Emerging omics methods offer significant capabilities for tracking BA-related genes, proteins, and metabolites, making probiotic treatments safer. Besides, consumer awareness and regulatory control are critical, as toxicologically substantial BA levels may not result in sensory deterioration. Moreover, assuring the safety of probiotic foods necessitates a balanced risk-benefit analysis that includes technological controls, genetic screening, and rapid detection techniques. By solving these issues, the probiotic sector can maintain innovation while also protecting public health.
Protoplast Fusion as a Breeding Tool for Berries: A Review of Prospects and Current Limitations
Berries of all different species, such as (Vitis, Fragaria, Vaccinium), are known for their abundance and diversity of health benefits and economic importance. However, their traditional breeding and production are hindered by long generation cycles and limited gene pools, which slow and limit the growth rate of new varieties that have been developed. The fusion technique allows the transfer and enhancement of important plant traits, including increased disease resistance, environmental stress tolerance, and improved fruit characteristics. Although research on berry crops is still in its infancy, proven research on grapes, strawberries, and others indicates the usefulness of this technique for enhancing genetic diversity. Nevertheless, major challenges continue, particularly in protoplast differentiation, protoplast fusion, regeneration efficiency, and selection of stable mixtures. The integration of emerging tools such as genome editing, and analysis is expected to increase the effectiveness of protoplast fusion. In short, this technology will achieve significant advances in berry genetics, poised to become a cornerstone of both basic research and applied breeding programs.
Ochratoxin a in Maize: Origin, Occurrence, and Health Implications, Albania Case
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungi that frequently contaminate cereal grains, compromising food safety. Among the most concerning are aflatoxins and ochratoxin A (OTA), primarily produced by Aspergillus and Penicillium species. OTA contamination typically occurs under warm, humid conditions, especially during poor post-harvest storage. Albania’s maize-growing regions—Lushnja, Fieri, Korça, Shkodra, and Elbasan—are climatically predisposed to such risks. Although OTA is not the most prevalent mycotoxin in Albanian maize, recent findings confirm its presence in samples linked to inadequate storage. OTA is nephrotoxic and has been associated with renal damage and Balkan Endemic Nephropathy. While the OTA incidence on Albanian maize is relatively low, the risk assessment indicate high concentration levels for OTA in positive contaminated samples. Poor storage and limited monitoring elevate the crop vulnerability. These findings underscore the need for systematic testing and improved post-harvest practices to mitigate contamination and protect public health.
Nutritional Benefits and Health Risks of Seafood Consumption
Around the world, seafood especially fish is an important part of people's diets because of the presence of both macronutrients (proteins, lipids and ash) and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals). These are key nutrients that support general health and wellbeing. Numerous marine species, including fish, shellfish, and crustaceans, are distinguished by its particular nutritional characteristics. Many nutritionists and health experts support consuming more seafood because of its high-quality protein, low fats, and essential micronutrients like vitamin D, iodine, and selenium. The polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids found in seafood, especially EPA and DHA, are necessary for brain development, cardiovascular health, and inflammation reduction. In addition, their regular intake has been shown to help with weight control, cognitive development in children, and lowering the risk of high blood pressure, inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Despite its benefits, seafood consumption also poses certain risks. Environmental contamination introduces hazardous compounds such as heavy metals, pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and microplastics into marine ecosystems. These pollutants can accumulate in seafood and potentially threaten human health. This review discusses the benefits and risks of eating seafood and the main points to consider when choosing and consuming it.
Kefir As a Living Food: Fermentation, Function, and Health
Milk kefir and water kefir are the two main varieties of kefir, a fermented beverage recognized for its probiotic qualities and health advantages. People in the mountainous area between Europe and Asia have been consuming kefir milk for thousands of years. The process of making milk kefir involves fermenting milk (often from cows, goats, or sheep) with milk kefir grains, which are symbiotic cultures of yeasts and lactic acid bacteria. A tangy, creamy beverage full of vitamins, probiotics, and bioactive components is the end product. By fermenting sugar water or fruit juice with water kefir grains, which have a distinct microbial population suited to a non-dairy environment, water kefir, on the other hand, is a dairy-free substitute. In addition to providing probiotic advantages, this results in a mildly carbonated, sweet-tart beverage that is appropriate for vegetarians and others who are lactose intolerant. Both varieties of kefir support intestinal health. These grains are inhabited by a varied symbiotic ecosystem of yeasts, lactic acid bacteria, acetic acid bacteria, and other microorganisms. In kefir grains, the most prevalent bacteria are lactic acid bacterial taxa, such as Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, and Streptococcus. These grains also frequently contain yeast species such as Candida, Saccharomyces, Kluyveromyces, Kazachstania, and Pichia. Kefir drinks have been linked to several significant health benefits, including as improved lactose digestion, anti-carcinogenic, anti-hypertensive, and anti-diabetic properties, among others. In addition, kefir supports intestinal health by keeping the intestinal flora in balance. All of these health benefits are brought about by the kefir bacteria, their interactions, and the metabolic products they produce throughout the fermentation process. Thus, this review aims to provide information on fermentation, function, and health benefits of kefir.
Frost and Drought Events in Çukurova’s Agricultural Production: Impacts and Strategic Recommendations for Future Resilience
All agricultural activities are highly dependent on climatic conditions. Various adverse consequences of climate change—such as shifts in precipitation regimes, rising temperatures, meteorological and hydrological droughts, and an increased frequency of natural disasters—can significantly affect agricultural productivity, growth rates, and food security. Frost and drought events, which are among the most critical risks to agricultural production, represent natural hazards with economic, social, and environmental implications. These events occur when temperatures fall below or rise above the tolerance thresholds of crops, increasingly as a result of climate change. In the 2025 growing season, farmers in Türkiye, as in many other parts of the world, were confronted with a range of extreme weather and climate phenomena. This paper presents recommendations for measures and practices that can be adopted to reduce the economic impacts of future frost and drought events during agricultural production periods.
Effects of Some Natural Organic Additives in Vitro Plant Propagation
Tissue culture is a technique that enables the rapid and large-scale multiplication of plants using any parts of them under aseptic conditions. Its success depends on various factors, including the plant species and cultivar, type and age of the explant, culture conditions, and the composition of the culture medium. Determination of specific nutritional requirements of plants can be challenging in tissue culture studies which makes the optimization of culture media components essential. However, the high cost of some medium components has driven the search for alternative, low-cost organic additives that do not compromise plantlet quality. Numerous studies have investigated the effects of organic growth additives on plant development. Commonly used complex organic additives are plant extracts such as coconut water (CW), banana extracts, and a variety of fruit juices; casein hydrolysate (CH), yeast extract (YE) etc. These additives provide natural carbon sources and are rich in vitamins, phenolic compounds, fiber, hormones, proteins, lipids, and minerals. Previous studies have demonstrated that modification of medium composition with natural complex additives can induce cell division, stimulate callus formation, and support both rooting and shoot development. Optimum concentration of these additives is crucial for promoting plant or cell growth and development. This review will focus on the effects of supplementing culture media with coconut water, banana homogenate, and casein hydrolysate as organic additives on in vitro plant growth and development. Understanding the effects of these natural additives may prove valuable for plant species that have not yet been investigated in this respect, offering a foundation for future research.
Determination of Fatty Acid Composition and Olive Oil Quality Parameters of the Gemlik Olive Variety Grown in Adiyaman
Adıyaman province has a climate and soil structure that is extremely favorable for olive cultivation due to its ecological characteristics. The climate of Adıyaman Province is generally characterized by dry and hot summers and mild and rainy winters in the south, and dry and cool summers and rainy and cold winters in the north. For this reason, Adıyaman Province serves as a bridge between the Eastern Anatolia and Mediterranean regions. The average annual rainfall is around 715.1 mm. According to 2024 TÜİK data, the area planted with table olive varieties in Adıyaman is 11,186 decares, while the area planted with oil olive varieties is 31,269 decares. The annual production of table olives in the province is 2,237 tons, while the production of oil olives is 5,101 tons. Adıyaman produces approximately 5% of Türkiye's table olive production and approximately 20% of Türkiye's oil olive production. The dominant olive variety grown for oil in Adıyaman is Gemlik. Olive oils produced in Adıyaman are distinguished from other olive oils by their unique aroma, color, and chemical properties. For this reason, the olive oils produced in the province are candidates for geographical indication as “Adıyaman Olive Oil.” In this study, the sensory characteristics, fatty acid composition, and other quality parameters of oils obtained from the Gemlik olive variety grown in Adıyaman province were examined. It was determined that Adıyaman olive oil had a fruitiness score of 4.4±0.2, a bitterness score of 2.6±0.1, and a pungency score of 3.8±0.1, and that there were no sensory characteristics indicating low quality or deterioration in the oil. Additionally, the free fatty acid content of the examined olive oils was found to be 0.49±0.01%, the refractive index was 1.4683, peroxide content of 8.8±0.3 meq/kg, and UV-specific absorbance of K232=1.952, K270=0.1615, and ΔK=0.003. On the other hand, a total of 11 different fatty acids, including oleic acid, palmitic acid, and linoleic acid, were detected in the olive oils. In the olive oils examined, the oleic acid content was found to be 73.81 ± 0.19%, the palmitic acid content was 13.32 ± 0.52%, and the linoleic acid content was 6.41 ± 0.85%.
Determination of Biochemical and Volatile Properties of Papaya (Carica Papaya L.) Seeds
Medicinal plants have long been utilized as natural prophylactic and therapeutic agents due to their abundance of bioactive compounds, easy accessibility, and relatively low toxicity. Currently, the demand for natural therapeutic agents is increasing as they are incorporated into both foods and pharmaceuticals as alternatives to synthetic compounds. Papaya (Carica papaya L.), belonging to the Caricaceae family, is an important plant cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions. While papaya fruit is widely consumed, its seeds are often discarded as waste, despite being rich in essential micronutrients and secondary metabolites with significant therapeutic potential. This study aimed to evaluate the biochemical composition, sensory characteristics, and volatile compounds of papaya seeds cultivated in Türkiye. The results revealed that total antioxidant (DPPH) activity was 50.75%, and total phenolic content was 81.96 mg GAE/100 g. Four sugars (sucrose, glucose, fructose, and xylose) were identified, with glucose (1860.92 mg/100 g) and fructose (1684.45 mg/100 g) being the most abundant. Volatile compound analysis identified 30 compounds (3 aldehydes, 4 alcohols, 8 esters, 6 acids, 8 terpenes, and 1 ketone), with acids, esters, and aldehydes as the predominant groups. The major volatiles were benzaldehyde (35.74%), hexanoic acid (5.79%), and hexanoic acid, hexylester (5.37%).
Copyright (c) 2025 Agricultural and Food Technologies
Determination of Aroma Compounds in Frozen and Fresh of Arnavutköy Strawberry Samples Using Two Different Spme Methods
The strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) is classified among berry fruits, and its cultivation as a horticultural crop has a long historical background. Historical records indicate that a strawberry variety introduced from Istanbul to Ereğli many years ago was initially referred to as Arnavutköy and later became known as the Ottoman strawberry. Subsequently, this variety was hybridized with local landraces, particularly those referred to as Karaçilek, resulting in the development of new cultivars. The Arnavutköy strawberry is characterized by relatively small fruit size yet possesses a notably rich aromatic profile. Aroma is recognized as one of the most critical quality attributes of strawberries, with volatile compounds (VOCs) playing a pivotal role in determining consumer perception, acceptance, and overall preference. The identification of key volatile metabolites that confer the distinctive sensory attributes of the fruit is of considerable importance, as these compounds contribute to its fundamental sensory identity and uniqueness. In the present study, volatile composition analyses of fresh and frozen fruits of the Arnavutköy strawberry cultivar were conducted using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) with using two distinct SPME fibers
Degradation of Major Classes Of Recalcitrant Chemicals Hindering The Reuse of Wastewater (A Review)
In this recent age of advanced technology and biotechnology, the existing water bodies that serve as a reservoir for lives are experiencing a surge in the occurrence of chemical contaminant. These classes of contaminants were found to include both organic and inorganic, synthetic and natural pollutants of serious environmental concern. Studies revealed that these contaminants were predominantly recalcitrant chemicals that have been grouped as either toxic, hazardous and carcinogenic. There occurrence is not limited to their numbers, types or variety but also a concentration that is alarming, leading to what is known as emerging chemical contaminants (ECC). Sudden increase in the occurrence of chemical contaminants in our water, wetlands, ponds, wastewaters and sludge were due to increasing population, high demand and consumption, while their persistent in the environment is strongly linked to their recalcitrant nature and physiochemical properties. Partial treatment of wastewater results in the accumulation of recalcitrant chemicals while incomplete degradation of recalcitrant chemicals give birth to emerging contaminant (EC). Incorporation of tertiary treatment systems to our conventional wastewater treatment system in combination with advance treatment processes becomes paramount. Advance oxidation treatment (AOP) processes, membrane systems coupled with bioreactors, biodegradations using bacteria and fungi could be used in combination to remove these recalcitrant chemicals from wastewater. Test to proof the safety and safe reuse of these treated wastewaters should also be conducted using model organism to achieve an ecofriendly treated wastewater.
degradation, recalcitrant chemicals, wastewater, ecotoxicity, environmentally friendly
Characterization of Biochemical and Aromatic Compounds in ‘Tainung’ Papaya (Carica Papaya L.) Cultivar Grown in Türkiye
Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is one of the most important fruit species cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions. Although typically a tropical fruit tree, it can also be successfully grown in subtropical areas with favorable microclimatic conditions. The Mediterranean region of Türkiye offers considerable potential for papaya cultivation due to its suitable subtropical climate. Easy cultivation, rapid growth, high adaptability, and short economic return period make papaya a promising alternative crop for expansion in Türkiye. Beyond its nutritional value, papaya is also appreciated for its health-promoting properties. Rich in vitamins A, B, and C, as well as essential minerals, the fruit provides bioactive compounds with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and digestive regulatory effects, making it valuable for the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. This study aimed to investigate the biochemical composition and volatile aroma compounds of the papaya cultivar ‘Tainung’ grown under the ecological conditions of the Akdeniz district in Mersin (Mediterranean region, Türkiye). The results showed that total antioxidant (DPPH) activity was 39.19%, total phenolic content was 28.09 mg GAE/100 g, and monomeric anthocyanin content was 2.47 mg/L. Four sugars were identified—sucrose, glucose, fructose, and xylose with glucose (36.75%) and fructose (37.99%) being the most abundant. Among organic acids, citric acid (5.67%) and ascorbic acid (0.88%) were dominant. Volatile compound analysis identified a total of 33 components (8 aldehydes, 8 alcohols, 4 esters, 5 acids, and 8 ketones), with acids, aldehydes, and esters as the predominant groups. The most abundant volatiles were butanoic acid (49.72%), acetaldehyde (6.40%), and 2-methoxyethanol acetate (8.66%). These findings indicate that papaya grown under Mediterranean conditions possesses a rich biochemical composition and a distinctive aroma profile. Particularly, its high antioxidant activity, phenolic content, and ascorbic acid levels highlight the potential of papaya as a functional food with notable health benefits. The results provide a scientific basis for promoting papaya cultivation in Türkiye and support its potential use in health-related and industrial applications.